Pirates & Privateers: Matthew Norton's Books

Off the coast of West Africa in 1722, two forces engage in battle. It is not a conflict between nations. Rather, it pits the Royal Navy against pirates. The latter fight for their very existence. The former is intent on eradicating these seafaring vermin. So, when the two come together, the pirates understand their choices. They can surrender and hang, or they can fight and die. With death the inevitable outcome, they choose to fight. Bartholomew Roberts will be one of the lucky ones, cut down by enemy fire. The majority of his men will face the hangman’s noose.

Inevitable death is not always the only option pirates face. Once, the British government and society either welcome or tolerate the pirates, especially during the 17th century. Time and circumstances eventually lead to a shift in public and private opinion and by 1717, the government and the people have had enough. By the end of the following decade, piracy ceases to be an all-encompassing problem that endangers lives and livelihoods or threatens the very existence of the British empire. The Punishment of Pirates examines how and why this transformation occurs and what methods are tried, tested, and proved effective in stamping out piracy.

Battles at sea and trials and executions often come to mind as examples of how the government strikes out against piracy. As Norton ably demonstrates, these are not the only ways in which they attack the problem. First, he analyzes how “pirate” and “piracy” come to be defined. He identifies who wishes to institute law and order to stem the violence that characterizes England’s colonial maritime world during the 1600s. He discusses the strengths and weaknesses in the laws that are enacted. In the process, readers learn about the inner workings of the government and the actions that lay the foundation for Britain to become a maritime superpower. Secondly, he focuses on institutions and their power to alter society to conform to what they deem right and proper. Piracy serves as an excellent case study to illustrate this because history shows how the British government achieves its goal, and its successes and failures provide researchers with the opportunity to better understand “the relationship between institutions and social meaning.” (7)

Pirates, colonial governors, legislators, ministers, and others play significant roles in this process. Among those showcased within these pages are John Hawkins, Francis Drake, Henry Morgan, Bartholomew Sharpe, Edward D’Oyley, Benjamin Fletcher, John Dean, Joseph Bannister, William Kidd, William Markham, Thomas Lynch, Thomas Modyford, George Larkin, John Quelch, Mary Read, Anne Bonny, Stede Bonnet, Thomas Davis, Woodes Rogers, John Rose Archer, William White, the Reverend Cotton Mather, and William Fly. Charleston, South Carolina and Port Royal, Jamaica and their ties to piracy are also highlighted, as are vice admiralty courts and specific laws. The book also includes endnotes, references, and an index.

Norton provides a fresh perspective on how society deals with pirates. This is a scholarly book, but it is not pedantic. Even if readers don’t understand all the jargon, they will still comprehend the essence of Norton’s arguments and conclusions. The Punishment of Pirates is an absorbing examination of how societal views toward piracy transform from acceptable and tolerated to immoral and intolerable. It provides readers with a better understanding of this change, and allows them to view pirates and the fight against them in a new and intriguing light.

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